Administrative divisions
34 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Daykundi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khowst, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Nurestan, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Panjshir, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, and Zabol

Age structure
0-14 years: 44.7% (male 6,525,929; female 6,222,497)
15-64 years: 52.9% (male 7,733,707; female 7,346,226)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 334,427; female 350,891) (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products
opium, wheat, fruits, nuts, wool, mutton, sheepskins, lambskins

Airports
47 (2003 est.)

Airports - with paved runways
total: 10
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2003 est.)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2

Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 37
under 914 m: 11 (2003 est.)
914 to 1,523 m: 4
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14

Area
total: 647,500 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 647,500 sq km

Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Texas

Background
Afghanistan's recent history is a story of war and civil unrest. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979, but was forced to withdraw 10 years later by anti-Communist mujahidin forces supplied and trained by the US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and others. The Communist regime in Kabul fought on until collapsing in 1992. Fighting subsequently erupted among the various mujahidin factions, giving rise to a state of warlordism that eventually spawned the Taliban. Backed by foreign sponsors, the Taliban developed as a political force and ultimately seized power in 1996. The Taliban were able to capture most of the country, outside of Northern Alliance strongholds primarily in the northeast. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban. In late 2001, major leaders from the Afghan opposition groups and diaspora met in Bonn, Germany, and agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new government structure that resulted in the inauguration of Hamid KARZAI as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) on 22 December 2001. The AIA held a nationwide Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) in June 2002, and KARZAI was elected President by secret ballot of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA). In December 2002, the TISA marked the one-year anniversary of the fall of the Taliban. The Transitional Authority convened a Constitutional Loya Jirga from 14 December 2003 until 4 January 2004 and ended with the approval of a new constitution. The constitution was signed on 16 January 2004 and highlights a strong executive branch, a moderate role for Islam, and basic protections for human rights. TISA's next task is to hold nationwide elections by June 2004, according to the Bonn Agreement timeline, but these may be delayed due to election preparations. National elections would formally dissolve the Transitional Authority and establish the Government of Afghanistan under the new constitution. In addition to occasionally violent political jockeying and ongoing military action to root out remaining terrorists and Taliban elements, the country suffers from enormous poverty, a lack of skilled and educated workers, a crumbling infrastructure, and widespread land mines.

Birth rate
47.27 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Budget
revenues: $200 million
expenditures: $550 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 plan)

Capital
Kabul

Climate
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Coastline
0 km (landlocked)

Communications - note
in March 2003 'af' was established as Afghanistan's domain name; Internet access is growing through Internet cafes as well as public "telekiosks" in Kabul that are part of a nationwide network proposed by the Transitional Authority for Internet access (2002)

Constitution
new constitution drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004

Country name
conventional long form: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
conventional short form: Afghanistan
local short form: Afghanestan
former: Republic of Afghanistan
local long form: Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan

Currency
afghani (AFA)

Currency code
AFA

Death rate
21.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Debt - external
$8 billion in bilateral debt, mostly to Russia; Afghanistan has $500 million in debt to Multilateral Development Banks (2004)

Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Zalmay KHALILZAD; note - embassy in Kabul reopened 16 December 2001, following closure in January 1989
embassy: Great Masood Road, Kabul
mailing address: 6180 Kabul Place, Dulles, VA 20189-6180
telephone: [93] (2) 290002, 290005, 290154
FAX: 00932290153

Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Said Tayeb JAWAD
consulate(s) general: New York
FAX: 202-483-6487
telephone: 202-483-6410
chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Disputes - international
despite largely successful UN efforts at voluntary repatriation, thousands of Afghan refugees continue to reside in Iran and Pakistan; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to control the border and stem organized terrorist and other illegal cross-border activites; regular meetings between Pakistani and coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary encroachments; occasional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements with Amu Darya and Helmand River states

Economic aid - recipient
international pledges made by more than 60 countries and international financial institutions at the Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan reconstruction in January 2002 reached $4.5 billion through 2006, with $1.8 billion allocated for 2002; another $1.7 billion was pledged for 2003.

Economy - overview
Afghanistan's economic outlook has improved significantly over the past two years because of the infusion of over $2 billion in international assistance, dramatic improvements in agricultural production, and the end of a four-year drought in most of the country. However, Afghanistan remains extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid, farming, and trade with neighboring countries. It will probably take the remainder of the decade and continuing donor aid and attention to raise Afghanistan's living standards up from its current status among the lowest in the world. Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs, but the Afghan government and international donors remain committed to improving access to these basic necessities by prioritizing infrastructure development, education, housing development, jobs programs, and economic reform over the next year. Growing political stability and continued international commitment to Afghan reconstruction create an optimistic outlook for maintaining improvements to the Afghan economy in 2004. The replacement of the opium trade - which may account for one-third of GDP - is one of several potential spoilers for the economy over the long term.

Electricity - consumption
511.4 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports
0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports
200 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - production
334.8 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - production by source
fossil fuel: 36.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
hydro: 63.7%

Elevation extremes
lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m

Environment - current issues
limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water pollution

Environment - international agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Ethnic groups
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%

Exchange rates
afghanis per US dollar - 50 (2003), 50 (2002), 3,000 (2001), 3,000 (2000), 3,000 (1999)
: note: in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002, the market rate varied widely from the official rate

Executive branch
note: on 10 June 2002, the structure of the second Transitional Authority (TA) was announced when an Emergency Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) convened establishing the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA); subsequently, a Constitutional Loya Jirga was held and adopted a new constitution; under the new constitution the president is both the chief of state and head of government; the president and two vice presidents are elected by direct vote for a five-year term; if no candidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round of voting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in a second round; a president can only be elected for two terms; former King ZAHIR Shah holds the honorific, "Father of the Country," and presides symbolically over certain occasions, but lacks any governing authority; the honorific is not hereditary
chief of state: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10 June 2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10 June 2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: the 30-member TISA; note - under the new constitution, ministers are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
elections: nationwide elections are to be held by June 2004, according to the Bonn Agreement

Exports
$98 million (not including illicit exports) (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities
opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems

Exports - partners
US 26.1%, France 17%, Pakistan 17%, India 16.1% (2003 est.)

Fiscal year
21 March - 20 March

Flag description
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist), red, and green, with a gold emblem centered on the red band; the emblem features a temple-like structure encircled by a wreath on the left and right and by a bold Islamic inscription above

GDP
purchasing power parity - $20 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector
agriculture: 60%
industry: 20%
services: 20% (1990 est.)

GDP - per capita
purchasing power parity - $700 (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate
29% (2003 est.)
: note: this high growth rate reflects the extremely low levels of activity between 1999 and 2002, as well as the end of a four-year drought and the impact of donor assistance

Geographic coordinates
33 00 N, 65 00 E

Geography - note
landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)

Government type
transitional

Heliports
5 (2003 est.)

Highways
total: 21,000 km
paved: 2,793 km
unpaved: 18,207 km (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.01% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage shar
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Illicit drugs
world's largest producer of opium; cultivation of opium poppy - used to make heroin - expanded to 30,750 hectares in 2002, despite eradication; potential opium production of 1,278 metric tons; source of hashish; many narcotics-processing labs throughout the country; drug trade source of instability and some government groups profit from the trade; 80-90% of the heroin consumed in Europe comes from Afghan opium; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through informal financial networks

Imports
$1.007 billion (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities
capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products

Imports - partners
Pakistan 26.8%, South Korea 12.3%, Japan 8.2%, Germany 7.4%, Turkmenistan 5.8%, Kenya 4.9%, US 4.8% (2003 est.)

Independence
19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs)

Industrial production growth rate
NA

Industries
small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper

Infant mortality rate
total: 165.96 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 160.82 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 170.85 deaths/1,000 live births

Inflation rate (consumer prices)
5.2% (2003)

International organization participation
AsDB, CP, ECO, FAO, G-77, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO

Internet country code
.af

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
1 (2000)

Internet users
1,000 (2002)

Irrigated land
23,860 sq km (1998 est.)

Judicial branch
the new constitution establishes a nine-member Stera Mahkama or Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for 10-year terms by the president with approval of the Wolesi Jirga) and subordinate High Courts and Appeals Courts; there is also a Minister of Justice; a separate Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission established by the Bonn Agreement is charged with investigating human rights abuses and war crimes

Labor force
11.8 million (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation
agriculture 80%, industry 10%, services 10% (1990 est.)

Land boundaries
total: 5,529 km
border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km

Land use
arable land: 12.13%
permanent crops: 0.22%
other: 87.65% (2001)

Languages
Pashtu (official) 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism

Legal system
according to the new constitution, no law is contrary to Islam; the state is obliged to create a prosperous and progressive society based on social justice, protection of human dignity, protection of human rights, realization of democracy, and to ensure national unity and equality among all ethnic groups and tribes; the state shall abide by the UN charter, international treaties, international conventions that Afghanistan signed, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Legislative branch
nonfunctioning as of January 2004
note: under the new constitution, the bicameral National Assembly consists of the Wolesi Jirga or House of People (no more than 250 seats), directly elected for a five-year term, and the Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (composed of one representative from each provincial council, one representative from each district council, and a number of presidential appointees; the presidential appointees will include two representatives of Kuchis and two representatives of the disabled; half of the presidential appointees will be women); the Bonn Agreement lays down a June 2004 deadline for elections for the first session of the National Assembly
note: on rare occasions the government may convene the Loya Jirga on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it can amend the provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; it is made up of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils

Life expectancy at birth
total population: 42.46 years
male: 42.27 years
female: 42.66 years (2004 est.)

Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
female: 21% (1999 est.)
total population: 36%
male: 51%

Location
Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran

Map references
Asia

Maritime claims
none (landlocked)

Median age
total: 17.5 years
male: 17.5 years
female: 17.6 years (2004 est.)

Military branches
Afghan National Army, currently being trained by the US with the assistance of the international community, is 7,000 strong; note - the December 2001 Bonn Agreement called for all militia forces to come under the authority of the central government, but regional leaders have continued to retain their militias and the formation of a national army remains a gradual process; Afghanistan's militia forces continue to be factionalized, largely along ethnic lines

Military expenditures - dollar figure
$61 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP
1% (2003)

Military manpower - availability
males age 15-49: 6,785,414 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service
males age 15-49: 3,642,659 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - military age
22 years of age (2004 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually
males: 263,406 (2004 est.)

National holiday
Independence Day, 19 August (1919)

Nationality
noun: Afghan(s)
adjective: Afghan

Natural gas - consumption
220 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - production
220 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves
49.98 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Natural hazards
damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts

Natural resources
natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones

Net migration rate
23.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption
3,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports
NA (2001)

Oil - imports
NA (2001)

Oil - production
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - proved reserves
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

People - note
of the estimated 4 million refugees in October 2001, 2.3 million have returned

Pipelines
gas 651 km (2003)

Political parties and leaders
NA; note - political parties in Afghanistan are in flux and many prominent players have plans to create new parties; the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA) is headed by President Hamid KARZAI; the TISA is a coalition government formed of leaders from across the Afghan political spectrum; there are also several political factions not holding positions in the Transitional government that are forming new groups and parties in the hopes of participating in the 2004 elections

Political pressure groups and leaders
Jamiat-e Islami (Society of Islam), [former President Burhanuddin RABBANIS]; Jombesh-e Milli (National Islamic Movement), [Abdul Rashjid DOSTUM]; Ittihad-e Islami (Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan), [Abdul Rasul SAYYAF]; there are also small monarchist, communist, and democratic groups

Population
28,513,677 (July 2004 est.)

Population below poverty line
23% (2002)

Population growth rate
4.92%
note: this rate does not take into consideration the recent war and its continuing impact (2004 est.)

Ports and harbors
Kheyrabad, Shir Khan

Radio broadcast stations
AM 7 (6 are inactive; the active station is in Kabul), FM 1, shortwave 1 (broadcasts in Pashtu, Afghan Persian (Dari), Urdu, and English) (1999)

Radios
167,000 (1999)

Religions
Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 19%, other 1%

Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2004 est.)

Suffrage
18 years of age; universal

Telephone system
general assessment: very limited telephone and telegraph service
domestic: telephone service is improving with the establishment of two mobile phone operators by 2003; telephone main lines remain weak with only .1 line per 10 people
international: country code - 93; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) linked only to Iran and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); commercial satellite telephone center in Ghazni

Telephones - main lines in use
33,100 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular
12,000 (2002)

Television broadcast stations
at least 10 (one government-run central television station in Kabul and regional stations in nine of the 32 provinces; the regional stations operate on a reduced schedule; also, in 1997, there was a station in Mazar-e Sharif reaching four northern Afghanistan provinces) (1998)

Televisions
100,000 (1999)

Terrain
mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest

Total fertility rate
6.78 children born/woman (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate
NA (2003)

Waterways
1,200 km
note: chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500 DWT (2001)